# Facilitator guide: what changed?

Version 0.1 · review: draft · untested editorial teaching proposal

These original, AI-assisted materials are for educator review and adaptation. The activities, timings and rubric have not been tested with learners. They supply no accreditation, academic credit, recognition or evidence of teaching effectiveness. Correct classroom arithmetic is not measured charitable impact.

Use paper and fictional examples. No donation, payment, account, public post or personal story is required. Do not ask learners to disclose finances, giving history, beliefs or experiences of receiving help. This pack does not rank named charities or judge people’s motives. It does not change the existing ten-unit course, stored progress or completion criteria.

## Ready-to-teach 50-minute taster

### Intended learning outcomes

1. Map a fictional project from resources to work and distinguish an output, a measured outcome and an impact claim.
2. Calculate simple cash-cost ratios and rates, then explain how alternative counterfactual assumptions change the interpretation.
3. State a fair moral disagreement and propose a feedback or revision step without ranking people, causes or charities by depth.

These are intended outcomes, not evidence that the lesson achieves them. No advance reading is needed.

### Preparation

Print the case and worksheet; keep answers separate. Provide pens, large-print copies and an optional calculator. Put givers → signals → channels → work → outcomes on a board, with a learning arrow back to a decision. Offer individual, pair, written, spoken and quiet participation. A learner may pass on speaking.

### Agenda

| Minutes | Duration | Activity | Output |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0–4 | 4 | Welcome and the right to pass. Introduce the fictional setting without asking for personal giving examples. | One question the lesson should help answer. |
| 4–9 | 5 | Teach givers → signals → channels → work → outcomes and the input, output and outcome definitions. | A blank five-stage map with the definitions labeled. |
| 9–14 | 5 | Read the case card aloud or quietly. Check “same 30 people” and “cash costs only.” | W1: case facts in the map; recorded and unmeasured items marked. |
| 14–24 | 10 | Calculate W2 and W3 in pairs or individually. Offer fractions, the worked table or a calculator. | Cash-cost ratios, pass rates and an explicitly labeled observed change. |
| 24–31 | 7 | Reveal counterfactual cards A and B. Ask whether they are new data or assumptions. | W4 and W5: conditional calculations and a repaired headline. |
| 31–38 | 7 | Introduce descriptive depth. Compare assigned welfare and rights/justice questions. | W6: one fair disagreement and a tentative activity description. |
| 38–45 | 7 | Ask who can change the work after hearing feedback. | W7: an accessible route to disagree, an owner role and a revision rule. |
| 45–50 | 5 | Use the exit prompt and share a worked limitation. Return worksheets to learners. | W8: an output, a measured outcome, an unresolved claim and a next evidence need. |

Total: 50 minutes. Adapt pace and formats to the group rather than requiring every learner to finish at the same speed.

### Suggested opening

The numbers are invented. We are practicing reasoning rather than measuring a real charity. Work can be delivered and a change observed without knowing how much the work caused. We can agree on arithmetic and disagree about what should matter. Use assigned roles; no personal belief or experience needs to be shared.

### Suggested closing

We observed a fictional check result and tried two assumptions about what might have happened otherwise. We did not establish a real effect, compare named charities or show that this lesson changes giving. Ask what information and whose voice could change the next decision.

## Working definitions

- **Input:** A resource used, such as cash or staff time.
- **Activity:** Something the project does, such as running a workshop.
- **Output:** A count of delivered work, such as workshops held or people attending.
- **Outcome:** A change in a specified condition or ability. A check result is closer to the activity than an outcome such as being able to make a real journey.
- **Counterfactual:** What would have happened to the same people, over the same period, without the program or decision being considered. It is not directly observed for those people.
- **Impact claim:** A claim about the difference made compared with that counterfactual. An observed outcome alone does not establish it.
- **Proxy:** A measured stand-in for something we care about. Passing a timetable check is not the same as successfully making a journey.
- **Percentage point:** The difference between two percentages: 70% minus 40% is 30 percentage points.
- **Moral lens:** A way of asking what matters and why. The project uses editorial sketches of welfare, rights, justice, care, faith and tradition, future generations, all life and flourishing. These are prompts, not complete accounts of every tradition.
- **Depth:** A description of where an activity aims to act: relief, repair, prevention, structure or source. It is not a grade. A larger number does not mean better or more effective; every level may be needed.
- **Six-source hypothesis:** Story, coordination, vision, attention, status and gatekeepers are proposed sources adopted from Humanity’s Checklist. Their explanatory and practical reach remains a hypothesis, not an established causal map.

## Fictional case: The Riverbend journey-planning project

All details are fictional. Riverbend is an invented town. A community project wants adults who choose to attend to find usable journey information. Its workshops aim to help people plan future journeys. It has not measured whether people reach appointments, find work or experience better wellbeing.

| Recorded item | Fictional record |
| --- | --- |
| Recorded cash spent | $600, including space, printed materials and facilitation |
| Workshops held | 6 |
| People at each workshop | 5 |
| Unique attendees | 30; each attended exactly one workshop |
| People completing both checks | The same 30 attendees |
| Passed the check before the workshop | 12 of 30 |
| Passed the check one week afterward | 21 of 30 |

### Limits of the fictional record

- Unpaid preparation time was not recorded. The $600 is recorded cash spending, not the full economic cost.
- There is no comparison group. A before/after change does not establish how much the workshops caused.
- The check uses a printed fictional timetable. Its accuracy as a measure of practical journey-planning ability has not been established.
- No actual journeys, employment or wellbeing outcomes were measured. Classroom numeracy is not measured charitable impact.
- Invitations were available only in small print. Organizers do not know who wanted to attend but could not access the invitation or session. The figures describe the participating group, not everyone in Riverbend.
- No personal journeys or private difficulties are needed for the exercise. A particular gift’s effect is not identified; other funders and other actors’ responses have not been modeled.

### Card A: an assumption, not evidence

Suppose 18 of these same 30 people would have passed the later check without the workshops, perhaps through other practice or information. This is an imagined alternative, not an observed comparison group. Calculate what follows only if the assumption were true.

### Card B: an assumption, not evidence

Suppose 21 of these same 30 people would have passed the later check without the workshops. This is another imagined alternative, not an observed comparison group. The case gives no basis for choosing A or B as correct.

Neither card establishes what a donor’s gift caused. Do not choose an assumption because its answer looks useful.

## Depth describes; it does not grade

Apply a description to an activity and explain its proposed causal chain. A larger number does not mean better, more effective or more deserving. Every level may be needed. All examples below are fictional.

| Level | Name | Question | Example |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 0 | Relief | Does it meet a need now? | Help someone plan a journey they must make today. |
| 1 | Repair | Does it restore something lost? | Help restore route-planning skills after a disruption. |
| 2 | Prevention | Does it aim to stop a future harm for these people? | Teach route planning to try to prevent future missed journeys. |
| 3 | Structure | Does it change a rule or institution producing a barrier? | Change a transport authority’s timetable-access policy. |
| 4 | Source | Does it address something feeding several kinds of problem? | Try to change whose knowledge institutions respect across transport, education and public services. That proposed connection needs evidence. |

Charitology adopts the proposed sources story, coordination, vision, attention, status and gatekeepers from [Humanity’s Checklist](https://humanityschecklist.org/). They prompt questions about shared narratives, working together, imaginable futures, what gets noticed, what gets admired and who gets to participate or build. Their explanatory and practical reach remains a hypothesis. Naming a source does not establish that an activity changes it.

## Make moral disagreement fair

The project uses editorial sketches of welfare, rights, justice, care, faith and tradition, future generations, all life and flourishing. They are prompts rather than complete descriptions of traditions. Use assigned roles instead of asking learners to disclose beliefs or speak for a group.

A welfare role might ask what additional practical benefit the work creates compared with an alternative use of resources. A rights/justice role might ask who cannot access small-print invitations and who has authority to change that barrier. A check score can inform this disagreement without settling duties, fair access or authority. More than one next step can be well reasoned.

## Student worksheet

Work alone or with a partner. Write, draw or explain answers aloud. You do not need to put your name on the sheet. You may keep it; no account, public submission or personal example is required.

### W1. Draw the chain

Use the Riverbend case to complete givers → signals → channels → work → outcomes. Write “unknown” where the case does not tell you something.

1. Label $600 recorded cash spending as input, output, measured outcome or not measured.
2. Label six workshops and 30 unique attendees.
3. Label 21 attendees passing the later check.
4. Label attendees making more successful real journeys.

Answer: ______________________________________________________________

### W2. Count the cash costs

Calculate the recorded cash costs. Keep the units visible.

1. $600 ÷ 6 workshops = ______ per workshop.
2. $600 ÷ 30 unique attendees = ______ per attendee.
3. Does either calculation include the unrecorded unpaid preparation time?

Answer: ______________________________________________________________

### W3. Describe the observed change

Use the same 30 people for the before and later denominators.

1. 12 ÷ 30 = ______% before; 21 ÷ 30 = ______% later.
2. 21 − 12 = ______ more people passing.
3. The pass rate changed by ______ percentage points.
4. Does this before/after change by itself show how much the workshops caused? Explain.

Answer: ______________________________________________________________

### W4. Make the assumptions visible

Treat both counterfactual cards as assumptions, not additional observations.

1. Card A assumes 18 later passes without workshops. Calculate 21 − 18 and $600 divided by that conditional additional number.
2. Card B assumes 21 later passes without workshops. Calculate 21 − 21. Can a cost-per-additional-pass ratio be calculated with this denominator?
3. Name one design or evidence need that could support a more credible comparison and one limitation it would still have.

Answer: ______________________________________________________________

### W5. Repair a headline

An invented report says: “Nine people benefited because of our workshops, proving that the project worked.” Rewrite it in two sentences. Keep the observed result and say what the records do not establish.

Answer: ______________________________________________________________

### W6. Describe the work and a disagreement

The workshops aim to prevent future missed journeys. Describe the intended mechanism and compare two assigned perspectives. You need not disclose your own beliefs.

1. Which depth description might fit that aim? Explain why it is not proof or a moral grade.
2. Write a welfare question about additional practical benefit.
3. Write a rights/justice question about access and decision authority.
4. Propose one next step, explaining its evidence, values and limits. More than one recommendation can be well reasoned.

Answer: ______________________________________________________________

### W7. Close part of a feedback loop

Design a fictional route to disagree and a decision that could change. No private story is needed.

1. How could a participant disagree in an accessible way?
2. Which role would read and respond?
3. What decision could change?
4. How would participants learn what changed or why no change was made?
5. Write one rule for pausing or revising the next workshop before seeing its results.

Answer: ______________________________________________________________

### W8. Exit prompt

Write one output, one measured outcome and one sentence beginning “We still cannot conclude…”. Add the next piece of evidence or feedback you would seek.

Answer: ______________________________________________________________

## Facilitator worked answers

These are worked reasoning, not a prescribed allocation decision. Learners can defend different choices. Arithmetic, units and honest claim labels still matter. Keep this section separate from the student handout until discussion.

### A1. Chain and claim types

Unknown giver → unknown signal → unknown funding channel → six workshops → later check results is a sound map. Missing stages are findings; do not invent a funder.

$600 is an input. Six workshops and 30 unique attendees are outputs: 6 × 5 = 30, with no duplicate attendance here. Twenty-one later passes describe a measured proximal outcome on this check; the before/after change is nine more passes.

More successful real journeys is not measured. The check is a proxy, not established evidence of practical travel, employment or wellbeing.

### A2. Cash costs

$600 ÷ 6 = $100 per workshop. $600 ÷ 30 = $20 per unique attendee.

These ratios describe recorded cash cost for delivered work. They are neither full economic costs nor impact estimates. Unpaid preparation time is missing.

### A3. Observed change

12 ÷ 30 = 40% before. 21 ÷ 30 = 70% later. There are nine more people passing and an increase of 30 percentage points.

A relative increase, if calculated, is (21 − 12) ÷ 12 = 75%. It is a different description of the same pattern, not a causal effect.

The records contain no counterfactual comparison. Practice on the check, other information and selection into attendance are possible explanations to investigate, not established explanations in this fictional case.

### A4. Conditional counterfactual calculations

Under card A, 21 − 18 = 3 conditional additional passes. $600 ÷ 3 = $200 in recorded cash cost per additional pass, if that counterfactual assumption were true.

Under card B, 21 − 21 = 0. Division by zero is undefined, so there is no numerical cost-per-additional-pass ratio. This does not mean the project cost nothing or had no other benefit or harm.

Both cards are imagined assumptions. Do not choose A because its answer looks useful. A suitable contemporaneous comparison or an ethically appropriate randomized design could help with a particular causal question.

Any design still needs comparable conditions, credible follow-up and a measure of the ability of interest. Random assignment does not automatically validate the check or transfer a result to another setting. Learners are not asked to experiment on real people.

### A5. A defensible headline

Among the same 30 fictional attendees, passes on a route-planning check rose from 12 to 21 one week after the workshops. Without a credible counterfactual comparison or a validated practical outcome, these records do not establish how much the workshops caused or whether real journeys improved.

Do not call $600 ÷ 9, approximately $66.67, cost per causally additional outcome. Nine is the raw before/after increase, not an identified effect. Correct classroom arithmetic does not establish measured charitable impact.

### A6. Depth and moral disagreement

Prevention, level 2, could describe the stated aim of avoiding future missed journeys. Repair could fit if an activity restored lost skills. Neither description establishes success. Immediate help could be relief, while changing an access rule could be structure. No source-level change is established here.

A welfare question asks what additional practical improvement this might create compared with an alternative use of resources. A rights/justice question asks who cannot access the invitation and who can change that barrier.

One defensible step is to improve invitation accessibility and let a fictional participant panel help revise the format. Another is to retain immediate help while planning a better comparison. Both remain open to challenge. The check result does not settle duties, fair access, care or decision authority.

Represent lenses fairly without stereotyping a tradition or asking a learner to speak for it. A higher depth number earns no extra moral or assessment credit.

### A7. Feedback and a revision rule

Offer optional anonymous comments or accessible written and spoken feedback without asking about personal journeys. A session-coordinator role reviews themes; an invented participant panel could choose between accessible invitation formats.

Report the decision and reasons back through accessible channels. Consultation, responding and shared authority differ: a survey alone grants no decision power.

Example predeclared rule: before another workshop, pause registration if invitations and materials remain available only in small print. Revise them with the panel, check the alternative formats and explain the change. This is a process safeguard, not a demonstrated impact threshold.

In a longer seminar, specify a measure, comparison, review date and revision rule. Retain an unclear or unfavorable result instead of changing the measure to claim success. The invented table supplies no statistical certainty.

### A8. Exit response

Output: six workshops. Measured outcome: 21 of 30 passed the later check. We still cannot conclude how much the workshops caused or whether real journeys improved. I would seek a credible comparison and feedback on who could not access the invitation.

The exit prompt checks reasoning shown in this activity. It does not establish retained learning, later giving behavior or benefits to people served.

## Access and local arrangements

Propose a reading group, class or extracurricular activity through the institution’s own process. Using this pack does not register a chapter or establish university, school or Charitology recognition.

Confirm physical and digital access, language, materials, quiet participation and a private route to request an adjustment. Essential figures and readings should be available on paper. Do not require a smartphone, public profile, Values Compass result, account or disclosure of a diagnosis. For a school group, an educator sets age-appropriate supervision and follows the institution’s existing rules.

Learners can pass on speaking, use assigned perspectives and keep their work. If a correction is shared publicly, make it optional, sanitized and subject to the normal editorial process and appropriate permission. Do not collect private learner contact details for this kit.

## Optional fictional Charity OS demonstration

The complete activity works on paper. An educator may instead show paper record shapes or an already-authorized fictional demonstration workspace. Do not ask learners to create accounts or enter real student, participant or donor data. This material creates no records, invitations, payments or messages.

- Projects and tasks: manually describe “Review the Riverbend check,” an owner role, completion condition and review date. Completing a task does not show that a program worked.
- Evidence and outcomes: mark 12/30 before and 21/30 later as fictional observations. A stored observation is not a causal conclusion or independently approved finding.
- Evaluation and learning: retain the comparison question, proposed method and unresolved counterfactual. A report or approval does not manufacture evidence or settle values.

Use the ordinary permissions of the existing demonstration setup; no automatic import is implied. Continue on paper if it is unavailable. Service scope: https://charitology.org/for-charities/os-plan/

## Attribution and reuse

Credit: [Charitology (charitology.org)](https://charitology.org/). Original editorial content and authored data are [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). You may share and adapt them with attribution and a note of changes. Cited sources retain their own rights.

Teaching hub: https://charitology.org/learn/
Existing ten-unit course: https://charitology.org/programs/principles-course/
Textbook: https://charitology.org/record/principles/

The chapter links are reading routes. This pack does not claim an independent review of every chapter’s external citations. Educators should read the selected chapter and check cited originals before teaching its empirical examples.